Classification Forests can be classified according to different sets of characteristics.

Forests differ from wooded areas in terms of closing the cover: in the forest, the branches and leaves of the crowns of individual trees overlap, although, at the same time, there may be areas of open terrain – meadows. The wooded area is characterized by almost universal presence of open ground, with trees spaced at a distance greater than the radii of their crowns.

Forests can be found in any region where natural conditions are suitable for sustainable tree growth, at sea level (and sometimes below) to the alpine meadow line, except in areas where the natural frequency of fires is too high or the environment is exposed to the press. from natural or anthropogenic factors (eating by wild or domestic animals of forest undergrowth, felling by the person). In general, angiosperm-dominated forests have significantly more biodiversity than bare-seeded (coniferous) forests.

However, there are exceptions to this rule: for example, aspen-birch forests in northern latitudes have lower biodiversity rates than local coniferous forests. Some forests contain many individual tree species in a small area (for example, tropical rainforests and temperate deciduous forests), and some only a few species covering large areas (mountain coniferous forests).

Any forest is a biotope inhabited by many species of animals and plants, and the biomass per unit area is large compared to other plant-formed communities.

Most of the biomass, however, is underground in the root systems and in the form of partially rotted plant detritus. Forest wood contains lignin, which decomposes relatively slowly compared to other organic materials, such as cellulose and starch. This is due to the relatively slow (compared to other plant communities) circulation of organic matter in the forest.

Pine forest is a coniferous evergreen forest of the temperate zone.

The largest forest biomes are the following:

Rainforests (humid tropical forest of temperate latitudes). Taiga. Solid wood forests of the temperate zone. Tropical dry forests grew.

Classification

Forests can be classified according to different sets of characteristics. The classic and most common approach is the classification of forest biomes in combination with species and longevity (evergreen or deciduous) of the leaf cover of dominant species; also in this classification the composition of forests from mainly deciduous breeds, coniferous breeds, or mixed is taken into account.

According to the described classification, the following types of forests are distinguished:

Boreal forests – occupy the subarctic zone, are mostly evergreen conifers. In the temperate zone – deciduous deciduous forests (or deciduous forests of temperate climate), evergreen coniferous forests (coniferous forests of temperate climate and rainforests of temperate climate); in the warm southern (or northern) parts of the temperate zone there are also relatively small arrays of evergreen deciduous forests (eg, laurel forests, or eucalyptus forests in Australia). Rainforest on the slopes of Mount Kenya. Tropical and subtropical forests include tropical and subtropical rainforests, tropical and subtropical dry forests, and tropical and subtropical coniferous forests.

In addition, there is (and is used in the forest industry) a classification of forests based on the physical properties of wood and the stage ideas for narrative of forest development (menopausal; developing; primary; secondary, or regenerated).

Also, in some cases, forests are classified on the basis of the dominant tree species (for example, “beech forests” in the Carpathians, or “white eucalyptus forests” in southeastern Australia).

Forest management

The scientific discipline that comprehensively studies forests is called “forest ecology”; forest management takes care of the management and use of forests. The main goal of forestry is to maintain the forest in a state that ensures sustainable long-term receipt of forest industrial resources, as well as the development and implementation of measures aimed at improving the quality of these resources.

Forests can be affected by external factors such as excessive logging, forest fires, acid rain, windbreaks, overgrazing of wild herbivores or livestock, plant diseases (epiphytosis | epiphytosis). Eucalyptus forest in southeastern Australia (Victoria). In general, from a historical point of view, all forests can be divided into natural and anthropogenic.

Natural forests contain only the original components of biodiversity; while all species are in their natural stages of succession series. These successional processes have not been affected by such a force and frequency that can change the time and parameters of their passage. Indeed, there are very few natural forests left in the world now.

The main forests on Earth are represented by anthropogenic forests – that is, forests restored by man, or those that grew on their own in place of destroyed forests or other types of landscapes. Such forests can reproduce exactly the types of succession inherent in the area, or those that differ from them. In the latter case, the phenomenon is called “successive processes under constant anthropogenic influence.”

Components of the forest

The constituent elements of the forest (in forestry) include plantings, stands, undergrowth, undergrowth, undergrowth, living above-ground cover, waste, forest litter, meadow, gap, edge of forest, felling, stand wall, fire pit and wasteland. The main element of the forest is planting.

Forest plantation is a plot of forest homogeneous in terms of wood, shrub vegetation and living above-ground cover. Is the main component of the forest. The following tiers are distinguished in the plantation: stand, undergrowth, undergrowth, living above-ground cover, which together with the extra-tier vegetation, form the terrestrial part of the forest.

The roots of these plants, numerous microorganisms and macroorganisms, soil, parent rock form the underground part of the forest. Not every plantation has all the above tiers. The most important features of a forest stand are its assessment characteristics of the stand.

Tree stand (sometimes forest stand) – a set of tree species in a particular forest stand. Stands differ in species composition, shape, origin, age and productivity. In the stands there are predominant, main, secondary and associated species. (Tree).

Undergrowth is the young generation of woody plants that grow under a forest tent or on logs, which is able to reach the first tier of the plantation, replacing the old mother stand. Undergrowth is of seed and vegetative origin. One-year growth of seed origin is called seedlings, and older than one year – self-seeding.

Undergrowth is called shrubs, rarely trees that grow under a forest tent, forming the lowest tier of plantings, and are not able to reach the upper tier in these forest conditions. The undergrowth consists of shade-tolerant rocks, sometimes it may be absent.

Fit-called a set of trees and shrubs that make up the associated species. They promote better growth and clearing of knots of the main breed. As an adjustment use breeds with slow growth and dense crowns – elm, maple, field and Tatar maple, hazel. For oak fitting can be spruce, fir, hornbeam of seed origin, elm, maple. To prevent shading of the crowns of the main breed, the fit is depleted or thinned.

Living above-ground cover (sometimes ZHNV) – a set of grasses, mosses, lichens and semi-shrubs that cover the ground under the forest tent, on logs and fires is one of the tiers of forest. Affects the properties of the soil in the forest (physical properties), (acidity), (organic matter content), (microclimate) softens or intensifies frosts on the soil surface, weakens the wind, regeneration and development of the forest. Some representatives of ZHNV have medicinal value (May lily, St. John’s wort, wild strawberries, male fern, common eagle) and others.

Waste is called dead during the year needles, leaves and other remnants of forest vegetation.

Forest litter (sometimes plant litter, deciduous litter, or just litter) is a layer of dead plant material, such as leaves, bark, and branches that have fallen to the ground.

The meadow is an open, treeless area in the forest.

A gap is a section of forest area where there are no trees, but preserved elements of forest vegetation.

The edge of the forest is called the border of the forest with a forest-free space. It can be external or internal.

A felling is an area where a forest has been completely cut down.

The wall of the stand is called the border of the forest with the log.

A fire is an area where a forest has completely burned down.

A wasteland is a fire or log house that has been in a forestless state for more than ten years.

Sources

http: // uk. wikipedia. org / wiki. From Wikipedia. Lund, H. Gyde (coord.) 2006. ‘Definitions of Forest, Deforestation, Afforestation, and Reforestation’. Gainesville, VA: Forest Information Services. On the Internet: http: // home. comcast. net / ~ gyde / DEFpaper. htm. 2006-01-13, Sciencedaily: Deep-rooted Plants Have Much Greater Impact On Climate Than Experts Though. Atrokhin VG, Kuznetsov GV Lesovodstvo. M .: “Agropromizdat” 1989. ISBN 5-10-000227-1 Svyridenko VE, Shvydenko AY Forestry. K.: “Silgosposvita” 1995. ISBN 5-7987-0574-9. Forest Code of Ukraine (Article 3) Kyiv, January 21, 1994 N 3852-XII.

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Wet landscape systems: classification. Abstract

The abstract presents the classification of wetland landscape systems (on the example of Lviv region)

Waterlogged landscape systems (WET) are natural systems of varying complexity and level, which include peatlands, wetlands, wetlands, as well as areas that were formerly a swamp or wetland and as a result of human use have lost the properties of these natural systems. …

Thus, the term wet landscape systems combines a large number of objects on the following two main grounds:

excessive periodic or constant humidity of the territory; development of wetland processes.

Therefore, in the presence of a large number of objects of study, the justification of classification is one of the important scientific tasks. Create a classification – means to create a system of division of objects, phenomena, concepts into classes, types, groups by common features, properties, based on the similarity of these objects within the type (class, group) and their differences from objects of other types (classes, groups).